a bad-tempered, difficult, cantankerous person

to make false and malicious statements about; slander

encouraging a person to learn, discover, understand, or solve problems on his or her own, as by experimenting, evaluating possible answers or solutions, or by trial and error

to see (something unclear or distant) by looking carefully; discern; espy

to render absurdly or wholly futile or ineffectual, especially by degrading or frustrating means

the erection of hairs on the skin due to cold, fear, or excitement

either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about December 22, when it reaches its southernmost point

to raise irritating and trivial objections; find fault with unnecessarily